What is Liberalism?
Liberalism is simply a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
The Liberal Democrats have maintained the old Liberal Party’s tradition of social liberalism. In particular, they have laid great emphasis on issues of constitutional reform, including electoral reform, devolution of state authority from the centre to the regions, reform of the House of Lords, and the need for freedom-of-information legislation and a bill of rights. The Liberal Democrats take a left-of-centre stance on educational and social issues and are committed to European integration. Such policies have directed the party toward the ideological space occupied by the “new,” less radical, Labour Party—a movement that was attested to by the leadership’s 1995 decision to drop the formal strategy of “equidistance” between the two major parties. After the 1997 elections, the Liberal Democrats sought greater cooperation with the governing Labour Party, forming an informal pact on areas of agreement, including European integration and constitutional reform. The unprecedented agreement provided seats for the Liberal Democrats on a Joint Cabinet Committee.
The Liberal Democrats are an amalgam of their predecessors in organizational terms. Displaying the federalism of the Liberals, they operate separate but parallel English, Scottish, Welsh, and Federal party structures. In policy making, the Federal Conference, which meets twice a year, is formally sovereign, though much of the decisive influence over policy proposals put before conference is wielded by the Federal Policy Committee (an innovation derived from the SDP), which consists of the party leader, the party president (the chief extraparliamentary figure in the party), and representatives of the parliamentary party, the national parties, the local councillors, and the grassroots organizations. The Policy Committee also has control over the drafting of the party’s election manifestos.
Liberal History
The Liberals became a recognizable political party in the mid-19th century. Dedicated to the extension of civil rights and social welfare, they were the principal opposition to the Conservative Party until the rise of Labour in the early 20th century. The Social Democratic Party (SDP) was formed in 1981 by former Labourites who were dissatisfied with that party’s domination by leftists and trade union officials. Almost from the very founding of the SDP, the Liberals and Social Democrats were allied with each other, presenting themselves as the alternative to a polarizing choice between radical Labourites and Conservatives. The Alliance, as it was sometimes called, polled 25 percent of the popular vote in the 1983 general election, raising speculation that it might break the “two-party mold” of British politics. But the party was hampered by internal tension and the anomalous effects of Britain’s first-past-the-post electoral system, and it won only 23 of 633 seats in the House of Commons. The Alliance gained 23 percent of the vote in 1987 but still suffered from the electoral system and widespread criticism that it lacked a coherent identity and program and an effective leadership. On March 3, 1988, the two parties formally merged as the Social and Liberal Democratic Party, and in 1989 the party adopted the present name.
Paddy Ashdown, a former Liberal and a member of Parliament for Yeovil (Somerset), was elected the first leader of the new party in July 1988. Ashdown’s avowed strategy was initially one of “equidistance” between Labour and the Conservatives. He sought to ensure that the new party fully supported free-market economics and was not encumbered by predilections for controversial policies, such as wage and price controls, to reduce unemployment. At the same time, he laid out a program that had a radical and reformist edge.
The initial portents for such an approach were far from promising. The Liberal Democrats won only 6 percent of the popular vote in elections to the European Parliament in June 1989 and trailed badly in national opinion polls. In the early 1990s, however, a series of encouraging by-election results and Ashdown’s growing popularity boosted the party’s fortunes, though the Liberal Democrats won only 18 percent of the vote (20 seats) in the 1992 general election. Between 1992 and 1997, the Liberal Democrats scored stunning by-election victories and increased their support in local elections; at the depth of the Conservative Party’s unpopularity, the Liberal Democrats became the second largest party (after Labour) in local government. The Liberal Democrats’ major breakthrough at the national level came in the 1997 general election, in which they benefited from a sophisticated targeting of campaign resources on a limited number of constituencies. Although they won only 17 percent of the national vote, they more than doubled their parliamentary representation to 46 seats.
